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World Menstrual Hygiene Day 2024: Menstruation, a natural biological process, requires proper hygiene to prevent health complications. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, unhygienic menstrual practices persist due to a lack of awareness, education, and access to proper sanitary products. These practices can lead to severe health issues, including infections and, alarmingly, an increased risk of cancer. This article explores the critical link between unhygienic menstrual practices and cancer, emphasising the need for education and improved sanitary measures.

Dr K V Krishnamani, Medical Oncologist, American Oncology Institute (AOI) Hyderabad explained how poor menstrual hygiene can lead to cancer and other chronic illnesses.

Unhygienic Practices and Their Immediate Health Impacts

Poor menstrual hygiene can cause a range of infections, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), bacterial vaginosis, and reproductive tract infections (RTIs). These infections are not only painful but can also lead to severe reproductive health issues if not properly treated. The use of non-sterile materials, prolonged use of single sanitary products, and improper cleaning practices are major contributors to these health problems.

The Cancer Connection

While the immediate health impacts of unhygienic menstrual practices are well-documented, the long-term consequences, such as cancer, are less widely understood but equally critical. Here’s how poor menstrual hygiene can potentially lead to cancer:

Chronic Infections: Persistent infections caused by poor hygiene can lead to chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a known risk factor for the development of cancers, particularly cervical cancer. The constant irritation and infection can cause cellular changes that may turn cancerous over time.

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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer: HPV is a leading cause of cervical cancer. Poor menstrual hygiene can increase susceptibility to HPV by weakening the vaginal and cervical mucosa, making it easier for the virus to infect and persist. Women who do not practice proper hygiene are at a higher risk of HPV infection, which significantly raises their risk of developing cervical cancer.

Use of Non-Sterile Materials: Many women in low-resource settings use materials that are not sterile, increasing the risk of introducing harmful bacteria and viruses into the reproductive tract. These pathogens can cause persistent infections that, over time, may contribute to the development of cancerous cells.

Studies conducted in various regions highlight the correlation between poor menstrual hygiene and increased cancer risk. For example, research in rural India has shown a higher prevalence of cervical abnormalities among women who use traditional, unsanitary methods for menstrual management. Similar findings have been reported in parts of Africa and Southeast Asia, where access to sanitary products is limited, and cultural practices discourage open discussion about menstruation.

Risks Of Poor Menstrual Hygiene (Image Credits: Canva)

Addressing the issue and combating the health risks associated with poor menstrual hygiene requires a multifaceted approach:

Education: Comprehensive education about menstrual hygiene is crucial. Menstrual education must start early. Schools and community programs should provide information on the importance of using clean, sanitary products and changing them regularly. Breaking the taboo around menstruation through education can empower women to take better care of their health.

Access to Sanitary Products: Governments and NGOs need to ensure that all women have access to affordable, high-quality sanitary products. Initiatives like distributing free sanitary pads in schools and communities can make a significant difference. Biodegradable pads with no synthetic material are available.

Healthcare Access: Regular gynaecological check-ups and easy access to healthcare services are essential. Early detection of infections and timely treatment can prevent complications that may lead to cancer. PAP Smear and HPV testing is advised every 3 to 5 years for women above 21 years of age. HPV Vaccine to prevent cervical, vulval and vaginal cancer is advised for girls between the ages of 9 -22 years before commencement of sexual activity. 

Infrastructure Improvements: Building proper sanitation facilities with clean water and private spaces for women to manage their menstruation is fundamental, especially in rural and underserved areas.

The link between unhygienic menstrual practices and cancer underscores the critical need for improved menstrual hygiene management. By addressing the root causes of lack of education, access to sanitary products, and proper healthcare, we can significantly reduce the risk of infections and subsequent health issues, including cancer. Ensuring that every woman and girl can manage her menstruation safely and with dignity is not just a matter of health, but a fundamental human right.

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